Deep Dive of Constitutional Law Lecture 1: The Structure of Government and Separation of Powers

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Constitutional Law Lecture 1 – Structure of Government and Separation of Powers

Source: Excerpts from "Constitutional Law Lecture 1: The Structure of Government and Separation of Powers"

I. Foundational Overview

I begin by noting that the U.S. Constitution creates a structure of government designed to prevent tyranny. The three branches—Congress (legislative), the President (executive), and the courts (judicial)—operate under a system of separation of powers. This arrangement is complemented by checks and balances, whereby each branch can restrain the others. Federalism further divides power between the federal government and the states.

Key Themes:

Separation of Powers:

This doctrine ensures that no single branch amasses unchecked authority.

“Separation of powers is … the bedrock of the American constitutional system.”

Checks and Balances:

Each branch has devices (like vetoes or judicial review) to limit the other branches.

“These interlocking mechanisms create a dynamic tension that fosters a balance of power.”

Federalism:

The Constitution specifies certain powers (enumerated) for the federal government and reserves others for the states.

Judicial Review:

Established in Marbury v. Madison, it empowers courts to strike down unconstitutional laws or actions.

“Without Marbury, the checks and balances system would lack a critical enforcement mechanism.”

Supremacy Clause:

Federal law preempts conflicting state law, unifying legal standards throughout the nation.

II. Constitutional Foundations

Articles I, II, III, and VI

Article I defines Congress’s powers, including the Commerce Clause and the Necessary and Proper Clause.

Article II vests executive power in the President, granting authority as Commander-in-Chief and in foreign affairs.

Article III establishes the judiciary, anchored by the Supreme Court.

Article VI contains the Supremacy Clause, ensuring federal law supremacy.

Federalism and Division of Power

Enumerated Powers: Taxation, regulation of interstate commerce, defense.

Reserved Powers: Those retained by states (e.g., police powers, education).

Key Cases:

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) upheld implied federal powers.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) expanded Congress’s reach over interstate commerce.

III. Separation of Powers Doctrine

Legislative Powers (Congress)

Commerce Clause: Broad authority over interstate activities, yet subject to judicial limits (United States v. Lopez).

Taxing and Spending: Congress can attach conditions to federal funds (South Dakota v. Dole).

Necessary and Proper Clause: Permits laws essential to carrying out enumerated powers.

Nondelegation Doctrine: Congress must not transfer its core legislative function to another branch (INS v. Chadha).

Executive Powers (President)

Commander-in-Chief: Authority over military decisions.

Appointment: Nominates judges and officials (with Senate approval).

Veto: Power to reject legislation.

Foreign Affairs: Treaties, diplomacy; recognized as broad in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp.

Key Cases:

Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer (1952) – limited executive power over private property without legislative authorization.

United States v. Nixon (1974) – limited executive privilege in criminal investigations.

Judicial Powers

Judicial Review: Power to invalidate unconstitutional statutes (Marbury v. Madison).

Justiciability: Requires standing, ripeness, and mootness for a federal court to hear a case (Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife).

Federal Question Jurisdiction: Authority over federal issues; example: Brown v. Board of Education (1954) advanced civil rights jurisprudence.

IV. Checks and Balances in Practice

Interbranch Conflicts

Congress → Executive: Impeachment, budgetary control.

Executive → Congress: Veto power, executive orders.

Judiciary → Both: Judicial review of legislative acts and executive actions (Cooper v. Aaron).

Balancing National Security and Civil Liberties

Key examples include Korematsu v. United States (1944) and Ha